![]() ![]() ![]() Complex, or "higher," mental activity, such as thought, reason, and abstraction, is consciously controlled. B.S., M.S., Ph.D.|work=MSN Encarta|format=html] Involuntary, or "lower," actions, such as heart rate, respiration, and digestion, are unconsciously governed by the brain, Cite web|url=|title=Instant Expert – The Human Brain|accessdate=|publisher=Reed Business Information Ltd|year=2006|author=Philips, Helen|work=New Scientist] specifically through the autonomic nervous system. Cite web|url=|title=Brain|accessdate=|publisher=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia|year=2006|author=Toga, Arthur W. The human brain controls the central nervous system (CNS), by way of the cranial nerves and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and regulates virtually all human activity.
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